Në fjalët më poshtë per rrënjët e PIE vijnë nga rrënjë e gjuhës shqipe *zo, za (me kap) dhe ka (kam). Shikoni numrin e rrokjeve të gjuhëve të mëposhtme dy dhe më shume se dy dhe ku kombinohen këto rrënjë të gjuhës shqipe me format të tjera ndihmëse po të gjuhës shqipe si at(atë), etj.
Gjuhëtarët thjesht kanë ngatërruar dhe përzier kuptimet e foljeve arkaike të shqipes *zo/kap dhe *ka/kam . Ata ende janë shumë larg prej origjinës së vërtetë të PIE.
Rrënja:
*seǵʰ
to overpower
Rrënja:
*seǵʰ
to overpower
to take hold of
Me kuptimet:
1) Mbizotëroj (from *ZO/close)
2) Kap (kap/to catch from KhA/to have)
3) Kam (from KhA/to have)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seǵʰ- (38 c, 0 e)
*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[1][6][5]
Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay
Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)
*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *héksō[5]
Ancient Greek: ἔξω (éxō)
*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat
Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)
*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[1]
>? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)[7]
Tocharian A: sākam
Tocharian B: sākāu
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa
Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)
*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe
Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)
⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)
*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)[1][2][5]
Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō[5][7]
Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)
*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)[1][5]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay
Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)
*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō
Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati
Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)
*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os
*seǵʰ-tó-s
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás
Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)
*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és
Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr
Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)
⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā
Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)
*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s
*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és
>? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns
Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)
*sóǵʰ-o-s
>? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos
Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)
References
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 515-516
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 123: “*seĝh-”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 888
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “seǵʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 600-2
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 143; 169-170; 515: “*seǵʰ-;*seǵʰoH₂ > *hekʰō;*seǵʰ-s- > *seks- > "heksō;*si-ǵʰ-s-;*e-sǵʰ- > ἔσχον;*hiskʰō < *si-sǵʰ-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “SAH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 717-718
Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “sāk-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 743-7
Me kuptimet:
1) Mbizotëroj (from *ZO/close)
2) Kap (kap/to catch from KhA/to have)
3) Kam (from KhA/to have)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seǵʰ- (38 c, 0 e)
*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[1][6][5]
Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay
Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)
*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *héksō[5]
Ancient Greek: ἔξω (éxō)
*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat
Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)
*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[1]
>? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)[7]
Tocharian A: sākam
Tocharian B: sākāu
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa
Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)
*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe
Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)
⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)
*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)[1][2][5]
Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō[5][7]
Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)
*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)[1][5]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay
Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)
*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō
Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati
Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)
*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os
*seǵʰ-tó-s
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás
Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)
*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és
Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr
Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)
⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā
Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)
*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s
*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és
>? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns
Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)
*sóǵʰ-o-s
>? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos
Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)
References
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 515-516
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 123: “*seĝh-”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 888
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “seǵʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 600-2
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 143; 169-170; 515: “*seǵʰ-;*seǵʰoH₂ > *hekʰō;*seǵʰ-s- > *seks- > "heksō;*si-ǵʰ-s-;*e-sǵʰ- > ἔσχον;*hiskʰō < *si-sǵʰ-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “SAH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 717-718
Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “sāk-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 743-7
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