The Albanian Legacy in Western Philosophy: A Linguistic Analysis of Empiricism

The Albanian verb "bho" (to make, to do) has spawned a range of participle adjectives across dialects, including "bon/ban" (Geg), "bër" (Tosk), and "bur" (Cham). These forms exhibit a phonetic transformation (n>r) and inherit the core meaning of "bho", making "bër" a quality adjective in the Albanian language.

This phenomenon demonstrates categoricality in semantics, a fundamental concept in linguistics. In Albanian, the explanatory formula + perfect tense of the verb in the past tense applies when the adjective has a passive meaning, such as "bër" (done)" – "e/i bër"' that has been done.

During the evolution of Indo-European languages, semantic changes have occurred within the structure of "bho", expanding its semantic performance and increasing the figurativeness of semantic abstraction. This has led to the separation of the participle from the verb "bho" in various languages.

The Albanian verb "bho" has had a profound impact on the development of ancient Greek and Latin. The borrowing of "bër" into Greek as "εμπειρία" (empeiria) and its subsequent evolution into Latin "empiricus" (empirical) demonstrates the influence of Albanian on these languages.

The Latin words "empiricus", "experientia", and "exemplum" all trace back to the Albanian participial adjective form "bër", with phonetic transformations (b>p, r>l) evident in the Latin roots "pir", "per", and "ple".

The connection between "empiricus" and the Albanian concept of "bër" lies in the idea of actively engaging with the world, "doing" and "making" things, and learning from them. This experiential aspect is reflected in the development of the word "empirical".

Furthermore, the Albanian adjective form "mbir" (sprout/done) appears to be a key intermediate step in the evolution of the word "empirical". The connection between "mbir" and "empirical" highlights the idea of something coming into being, growing, or emerging – much like a plant sprouting from the earth.

In conclusion, the Albanian verb "bë" (to do) and its participle adjectives, including "bër", have had a significant impact on the development of ancient Greek and Latin, particularly in the formation of the word "empirical". The semantic continuity and phonetic transformations evident in these languages demonstrate the complex and fascinating nature of linguistic evolution.

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