Βουθρωτον and Βουθρωτος Bouthrōtón, Buthrōtum was an ancient Illyrian city in Epirus inhabited since prehistoric times by the Albanians ancestors. "Buthrotum" derives from an Illyrian word that translates as *bouthos in "Greek" and is related to modern Albanian *buzë (shore) and Βουθρωτον as *buzë-reth(circle). Bouthroton> boutroth(on)>bousroth>bous roth>bouz reth> buze reth (shore circle) At the edge (shore) of the circle is located the city of Butrint. The edge/lip of the circle is the etymology of the name Butrint, a compound of the Albanian language words buze (shore) of the reth (circle)". Buzë was an Illyrian word that is rendered as *bouthos in ancient "Greek" and is related to modern Albanian word buzë (lip, shore, edge) Buze (lip, edge, shore) Reth (circle). CONLUSION: "at the shore of the circle" is the etymology of the name Butrint. PS: The Albanian standard of 1972 writes the word 'reth" as "rreth&q
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Mathematical Symbols: How the human language is created. Creating the mathematical symbols is the point where the human spoken language started. I wrote spoken language, not written language. Human language is based on mathematical-geometrical symbols. For example, the number one symbol is not just number one but it is also, one of the its directions, it is the concept of "simple" on it, not complicated because it is just a line. And they created the word "simple" only saying "as I is" , or ""I" is", combining with the other mathematical-geometrical symbols they created before. And there are more linguistic-mathematics direction on that symbol. When they put two lines together to "y" symbol they created at the same time the number 2 concept and the number 2 word. So, the primitive number 2 was just an "y". Later they created more adding more mathematical concepts like "T", not this "T" but Etrus
Is the Actual Mating Envelope and Datum mean the same thing for this Feature of Size (10 mm Pin) ? No. they are different concepts. The datum is a theoretical surface (perfect points, lines, and planes). Measurements cannot be made from theoretical surfaces. It is the perfect cylinder of the pin, theoretical. The purpose of datumes is for the location and orientation of features, it is the origin from which the location or geometric characteristics of features of a part are established The mating envelope of the 10 mm pin, that happened to be also a datum, is not a theoretical surface. The diameter of this perfect cylinder can get bigger or smaller as required, and more ever is not the size of the pin but the size of the smallest hole in which the actual pin size goes in. So, it is an actual size, not a theoretical one. The actual mating envelope of a pin is the smallest similar hole counterpart that fits over the pin and contacts the pin at the highest points. There a
What’s the “CMM runout error”? When you measure the runout on CMM, the CMM induces a lot of error into the measurements. If you have 2 axes in your CMM program for the runout, for example, the axis of a feature, a circle, and the axis of the datum -A-, a cylinder, each axis of movement during the measurement is going to add an element of error. The axis of the features and datum -A- always are off to the axes of CMM. That “off” is a very little angle, A1/A2 angles, but that “little angle” end up magnifying error substantially when , for example, it is about a .0005 tolerance. You can simply see it if you examine the difference in the A1/A2 angles between the features. You cannot change the A1/A2 angles on CMM. On a Roundness tester you make A1/A2= zero before measuring the runout. A roundness tester allow us to correct the A1/A2 angles, to center the part axis on the spindle so that the runout will be in the part in which the axis feature-datum have 0° angles to the axes of the mac
The mosaic represents the twins Romulus and Remus , identified by their names, being suckled by the she-wolf. The Mosaic was found in Apamea in Syria, dated 511 AD . Apameia was a colony founded by Alexander's general Seleucos Nicator. Now the mosaic is in the Caravanserai Museum, Syria. Our books say that Romulus and Remus found Rome. Their story is recorded also by many "ancient" authors who claim their birth and adventures were fated in order for Rome to be founded. There is something very strange in this mosaic. Our books say it is a Roman mosaic. If he/she was a Roman, the question is why he/she did not write it in Latin but used an alphabet that we call it today ancient Greek alphabet? If he/she was a Greek, why would he/she lay a Roman theme mosaic? What is written there? What language is it? What are these people that are Roman but write in ancient Greek? There are written these words; "piho" , "gsis" , "dve", " gon"
Does CMM correct a bad fixturing of a workpiece? Does CMM correct the impact that a bad fixturing has on GD&T's, lengths, diameters and angles ? I think, the part fixturing and part alignment into the fixture is the main factor in CMM incorrect measurements. If we define the part fixturing and alignment incorrectly as a concept the CMM will be used incorrectly. If the CMM result of a trueposition of a feature to datum -A- is out of the tolerance can the CMM correct the true position if it the datum A is measured as a cylinder and the part is 3 degrees skewed from being parallel to the CMM axis. I never have assumed that the CMM corrects the errors of fixturing, and the part can be measured without a precise fixturing/alignment. First question I will ask is what’s our benefit if the CMM does that? We do not need a precise fixturing-alignment of the part into a fixture and consequently we save some time/cost on this. Practically, how it is going to work when we mea
It’s all about the measurement variations and correcting the factors that contribute on it. Measurement variations can come from three main sources: the person using the gage, person to person and part to part. It is also the gage itself a factor. MSA studies exist to discover and quantify the amount of variation coming from these different sources, so that corrective action may be taken if necessary. There are too many formulas of Gr&R studies. It depends from our intention: 1) To discover the amount of variation coming from three main sources. We need the data of one dimension-measurements(a) of three persons(b) for 10 parts(c), taken from Measurement Systems Analysis Reference Manual, 3rd edition (Chrysler, Ford, General Motors Supplier Quality Requirements Task Force). Ten parts were selected that represent the expected range of the process variation. Three operators measure the ten parts, three times per part, in a random order. 2) To examine the accuracy of a gauge, how a