Skip to main content

The origin of the meanings to overpower, to catch and have.

Në fjalët më poshtë per rrënjët e PIE vijnë nga rrënjë e gjuhës shqipe *zo, za (me kap) dhe ka (kam). Shikoni numrin e rrokjeve të gjuhëve të mëposhtme dy dhe më shume se dy dhe ku kombinohen këto rrënjë të gjuhës shqipe me format të tjera ndihmëse po të gjuhës shqipe si at(atë), etj.
Gjuhëtarët thjesht kanë ngatërruar dhe përzier kuptimet e foljeve arkaike të shqipes *zo/kap dhe *ka/kam . Ata ende janë shumë larg prej origjinës së vërtetë të PIE.
Rrënja:
*seǵʰ
to overpower
to take hold of
Me kuptimet:
1) Mbizotëroj (from *ZO/close)
2) Kap (kap/to catch from KhA/to have)
3) Kam (from KhA/to have)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seǵʰ-‎ (38 c, 0 e)
*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[1][6][5]
Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay
Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)
*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *héksō[5]
Ancient Greek: ἔξω (éxō)
*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat
Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)
*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[1]
>? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)[7]
Tocharian A: sākam
Tocharian B: sākāu
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa
Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)
*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe
Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)

⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)
*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)[1][2][5]
Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō[5][7]
Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)
*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)[1][5]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay
Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)
*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō
Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati
Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)
*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os
*seǵʰ-tó-s
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás
Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)
*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és
Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr
Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)
⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā
Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)
*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s
*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és
>? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns
Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)
*sóǵʰ-o-s
>? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos
Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 515-516

Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 123: “*seĝh-”

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 888

^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “seǵʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 600-2

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 143; 169-170; 515: “*seǵʰ-;*seǵʰoH₂ > *hekʰō;*seǵʰ-s- > *seks- > "heksō;*si-ǵʰ-s-;*e-sǵʰ- > ἔσχον;*hiskʰō < *si-sǵʰ-”

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “SAH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 717-718

Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “sāk-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 743-7

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Why Robert Beekes failed on Pre-Greek

Robert Stephen Paul Beekes (Dutch: [ˈbeːkəs]; 2 September 1937 – 21 September 2017) was a Dutch linguist who was professor of comparative Indo-European linguistics at Leiden University and the author of many monographs on the Proto-Indo language. European. Robert Beekes also worked on Pre-Greek, the language he called non-Indo-European, spoken in Greece before Greek, according to him probably around 2000 BC. Since this language was not written, Beekes took his information from many words in classical Greek that show a non-Greek structure and development.  One of these words is *ἀδάμας , whose etymology I deduced in 2014 without reading his book.  I wrote in this blog: "Do linguists know that ἀδάμας – adámas of old Greek exists in today's Albanian in the form of "pa ndam"? When I read his book and these very words, I was stunned. How can a linguist of such a level not understand this word and its origin.  Beekes writes: "Adamas, hard metal? Diamond? Derived from...
Post a Comment
Read more

Nephilim

N 'eh - Ph 'ih- L 'ee- M /  Nepheeleem Zacharia Sitchin (July 11, 1920 – October 9, 2010)  wrote the " Nephilim " (נְפִילִים) is derived from “nafàl" and means “fall". The term Nephilim occurs in Genesis 6:1-4, describing the point of time when three things began: men began to increase in number, came into existence the daughters of men , and the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. Is the "nephillim" really only a Hebrew word? That question is very subtle, however I think it has been more a limit of thinking for linguists rather than a serious argument. Let's begin first with the probable meaning the linguists think it is. We know that the " fall"  in every language means moving downward from a higher position involuntarily, usually by an accident, which maybe was the reason why Michael S. Heiser, PhD candidate, Department of Hebrew and Semitic Studies , University of Wisconsin...
10 comments
Read more

Word creation. The "D" letter origin and the "D" pictogram rule of the word creation.

  In this article I will cover  the origin of the letter  D letter, and the pictogram concept of the word creation.  It was my first discovery of the word creation. In this blog I will give my discoveries, the rules of word creation of the European languages. Multiple theories exist as to how language first originated. Nobody is sure which one is true. Certified Translations Get Pricing Order Translation What is the Oldest Language in the World? There are over 7,000 languages in the world. Could there have been a time on the earth that we all spoke one language? If so, what is the oldest language in the world?  So what was the first language?  Discovering the first language that people spoke is difficult because so many languages died and were considered lost in history. However, ancient languages still survive until today; these languages may have been transformed a lot but their old origins may be traceable. Written languages existed but this does n...
5 comments
Read more