Linguistic glob

Abstract This study examines the Latin term Kalendae through a multi-dimensional philological framework, integrating phonological, semantic, symbolic, and comparative perspectives. While mainstream etymology derives Kalendae from calendae (“first day of the month”) and calendarium (“account book, register”), this analysis investigates the underlying conceptual structures preserved across Indo-European languages. Albanian, Greek, and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots are examined to identify primordial phonetic–symbolic units that encode emergence, separation, and temporal transition. The findings suggest that Kalendae reflects an ancient cosmological understanding of time, subsequently formalized in Roman ritual and administrative practice. This approach demonstrates that etymology can reveal deep symbolic and cognitive continuities underlying lexical evolution. Keywords Kalendae, Albanian, Greek καλέω, Proto-Indo-European, etymology, symbolic semantics, comparative philology, temporal c...

Etymology, properly understood, is concerned with the origin and development of the constituent elements of a word, not simply with the word as a fixed lexical unit. Consequently, a comprehensive analysis requires consideration of multiple perspectives—phonological, semantic, symbolic, and comparative—rather than relying on a single comparative explanatory framework. The current approach seeks to trace the origin of words through the partiality of elements in place of the basic symbolic element, rather than through later administrative or functional partial meanings of the word that may represent later historical layers. From this perspective, primordial symbolism constitutes a generative substrate from which multiple lexical forms have emerged, subsequently changing in meaning over time and across languages. Within this framework, a limited set of archaic phonetic-symbolic units - such as bhë, bho, bha, bher, al, el, ar, ol, oi, oia, ui, ul, i, o, zë, zhër, zhor, zhur, za, zan, da, nd...

A Comparative Philological Note on the Semantic Origins of Calendar The standard etymological account derives calendar from Latin calendarium (“account book, register”), itself formed from Kalendae, the Roman term for the first day of the month. While this derivation accurately describes the term’s attested Latin usage, it does not address the semantic motivation underlying the formation of Kalendae itself. From a comparative-philological perspective, such administrative explanations may reflect secondary institutionalization rather than primary conceptual origin. This study advances a semantic-comparative hypothesis, examining whether the phonological form Kalendae corresponds to a deeper conceptual structure preserved in other Indo-European languages, particularly Albanian, which is frequently noted for retaining archaic semantic patterns. Morphological Segmentation and Semantic Parallels For analytical purposes, the form Kalendae may be segmented as ka + le + ndae. When compared wit...

Petro Zheji and the Symbolic Conception of Language Petro Zheji is frequently described as a “linguistic genius,” not because his work conforms to the conventions of mainstream historical linguistics, but because it proceeds from a fundamentally different epistemological framework. Rather than treating language as a mechanical or exclusively historical system, Zheji approaches it as a symbolic and cognitive totality, integrating linguistic form with metaphysical structure and semantic genesis. This methodological divergence largely explains the difficulty many linguists encounter when engaging with his work. The following analysis outlines the principal reasons for both the opacity and the originality of Zheji’s linguistic thought. 1. Departure from Conventional Linguistic Methodology Contemporary linguistics is largely characterized by: diachronic analysis (sound laws and attested developments), comparative reconstruction, positivist criteria of verification based on documentary evide...

The word FILIZ, a term of clear meaning in Albanian, signifies “beginning,” “sprout,” or “that which is created in the beginning.” Phonetically, its development is transparent: beginning-sound → filim (beginning) + zë (comes into life) → filiz (ë), where the “m” has been dropped, demonstrating a natural evolution that preserves both sound and semantic content. Ottoman Turkish and later Greek etymologies, in contrast, offer no satisfactory account of this term, ignoring its semantic richness while actively suppressing it. The imposed interpretations are either superficial or deliberate manipulations, designed to obscure the original antecedents of the word while aligning them with hegemonic linguistic narratives. FILIZ is not simply a lexical item; it is the embodiment of origin itself—a beginning that the Ottoman and Greek frameworks refuse to acknowledge, systematically erasing the proper systems of indigenous Balkan languages.

The Symbolic Stratification of Z: A Challenge to Greek-Centric Linguistics The symbolism of Z does not originate in Greek abstraction nor in later Hellenistic grammatical theorizing. It emerges from living semantic structures preserved in the Albanian language, which retain archaic layers systematically ignored—or deliberately excluded—by Greek-centric linguistics. The symbol Z is not monolithic; it is a palimpsest of meanings, accumulated through usage, sound, motion, and cosmological symbolism. Unlike Greek philology, which treats letters as neutral signs retroactively interpreted through philosophy, this analysis treats Z as a generative symbol whose meaning precedes alphabetic standardization . 1. Voice (Sound / Breath) — Zë (“Voice”) At its most primordial level, Z is a voiced sibilant, emerging from breath set into vibration. This is not a theoretical abstraction but a phonetic reality embedded in Albanian: zë (“voice”). Greek linguistics offers no equivalent primordial semantic ...

Cadmean Semantic Closure: A Holistic Language Architecture for Artificial Intelligence Abstract Modern AI language systems are fundamentally fragmentary: they operate on tokens, probabilities, and statistical correlations rather than on integrated meaning. This paper proposes an alternative semantic architecture inspired by ancient Cadmean literacy and holistic linguistic principles preserved in Balkan traditions, particularly Albanian. We introduce a formal model in which meaning precedes expression, fragments are subordinate to wholeness, and valid language output requires semantic closure. This framework—termed Cadmean Semantic Closure (CSC)—offers a novel path toward reducing hallucination, improving coherence, and aligning artificial language generation with cosmological and structural principles of human meaning-making. 1. Introduction: The Fragmentation Problem in AI Language. Contemporary large language models (LLMs) generate text by recombining subword units (“tokens”) using p...

The Circle of Letters: Cadmus, O, and the Logic of Wholeness The Greek word holos (“whole”) is not merely a lexical item — it is a symbolic principle. The circle, O, represents the complete, the unified, the cosmos itself. Pieces of O, when joined, form a single O — a whole greater than the sum of its parts. This principle is linguistic, cosmological, and ritualistic. Every person, every organism, every object, every universe, is an O — a system of parts integrated into a complete and meaningful form. 1. Cadmus and the Alphabet as O in Action Cadmus, the Phoenician bringer of letters, embodies this principle. He did not simply deliver “Greek” writing; he introduced a symbolic algorithm, a sacred system in which letters are fragments (C) and words, inscriptions, and texts are wholes (O). The alphabet itself is an assembly of parts into a functioning whole: Each letter (C) carries sound and symbolic weight Each combination of letters forms words, phrases, and meaning (O) Literacy is the ...

  The Big Mistake: Cadmus and the Myth of “Greek” Writing The Balkans did not lack writing. The Illyrians did not vanish because they were illiterate. They vanished because empire rewrote history. And the Greeks—scholars, philologists, historians—helped do it. They call it “Greek writing.” But the truth is written in myth itself: the first letters in Hellas were brought not by a Greek, but by Cadmus, a Phoenician exile. A foreigner. A stranger. A man whose alphabet traveled across the Eastern Mediterranean, sacred, formulaic, ritualistic, and utterly non-Greek. If writing were truly Greek, why would the myth begin with a foreigner? Why would the alphabet arrive from the East, carried on the shoulders of an outsider, a wanderer, a man who slays dragons to plant seeds of civilization? 1. Cadmus Proves Writing Was Never Ethnic Cadmus does not invent Greek writing. He transmits it. He does not found a Greek nation.He founds Thebes—a ritual-political, sacred city, not a Hellenic ethnic ...

Linguistic Symbolism and the Illusion of Circularity To claim that A rotates into A is no different from claiming that day rotates into day —a statement that is cognitively meaningless. It does not happen. Day rotates into night , and night into day . This oppositional alternation is not a late abstraction but a prehistoric cognitive structure , embedded in human language for well over 200,000 years . Day–night is a complete cycle , not a sterile repetition. From this primordial logic emerge words such as Albanian rrallë , Latin rārus / rārō , and Greek araiós , all encoding the idea of spacing, thinning, and separation . Yet attempts to place these forms on equal chronological footing ignore an obvious fact: Albanian rrallë is structurally more archaic . It stands without the prosthetic a- that Greek later inserted—a prefixed vowel that reflects secondary systematization rather than original formation . The evidence becomes even clearer in Çam Albanian , where we encounter rer(ë) ...

A Comparative Indo-European Critique of the Latin Derivation of Albanian luaj 1. The Traditional Claim Standard etymological dictionaries often derive the Albanian verb luaj (“to play”) from Latin lūdere (“to play, to sport, to mock”), assuming a semantic continuity supported by historical Latin influence in the Balkans. This explanation, however, raises significant phonological, morphological, and semantic difficulties when evaluated through comparative Indo-European methodology. 2. Phonological Incompatibilities Latin lūdere contains: a long vowel ū , a medial d , and the verbal suffix -ere . A regular borrowing into Albanian would be expected to preserve at least a reflex of the d or produce a predictable phonological outcome (e.g., lud- , lod- , llodh- ). Instead, luaj shows: no trace of d , a diphthongal development -uaj , and an Albanian-native verbal morphology. This loss of a central consonant without compensatory traces is phonologically unmotivated an...

Hector: Protector, Suffering, and the Mythical Archetype Hector, the Trojan prince in Homer’s Iliad , is remembered as both a protector and a tragic hero . His name and story encode a rich interplay of linguistic meaning, archetypal symbolism, and human experience . 1. Greek-Albanian Etymology: Hector and ekein / e ke in (to have, to have that) Traditional Greek etymology derives Hector (Ἕκτωρ) from ἔχω / hékhō (“to hold, to have, to possess”), related to the verb ekein (ἔχειν, “to have”). From a symbolic-linguistic perspective, it has been suggested that Greek may preserve elements similar to primordial Albanian forms , such as " e ke + in (“you have that”), the negative, and or anagrammatic inversion of which may yield “hek” (“to take away”). Symbolic meaning: “He who holds” or, in the Albanian-root interpretation, “he who has it.” Mythological role: Hector is the one who holds or possesses the city of Troy , morally and militarily, embodying courage, duty, and le...

The continuation of the symbolic of Q An Analysis of the Phoenician Letter Qoph (𐤒): Form, Function, and Symbolic Semantics The Phoenician letter qoph (𐤒), ancestor of Greek koppa (Ϙ) and Latin The origin of the qoph glyph shape is uncertain. It is usually suggested that it originally depicted: a sewing needle, specifically the eye of a needle (Hebrew קוף quf and Aramaic קופא qopɑʔ both refer to the eye of a needle), or the back of a head and neck, as Arabic qāf meant “nape.” Among these proposals, the “eye of a needle” interpretation offers a particularly consistent explanation when examined from both morphological and functional perspectives. 1. Morphological Structure: O + I In its schematic form, qoph can be analyzed as a composite of: a circular element (O) , and a linear element (I) intersecting or emerging from it. This configuration corresponds closely to the eye of a needle , where: O represents the opening or eye, I represents the thread passing through...

The “Evil Eye” Mosaic from Antioch Roman period, Antioch (Antakya) Hatay Archaeology Museum, Inv. no. 1024 1. Description of the Mosaic The mosaic depicts a single, oversized eye at the center of the scene. This eye is subjected to multiple, simultaneous attacks: It is pierced by a trident and a sword , Pecked by a raven , Bitten by a dog , Stung by a scorpion , Attacked by a cat and a snake . Below the eye appears a horned dwarf with an exaggerated phallus , crossing two sticks. Such figures are well known in Roman and Near Eastern apotropaic art and are associated with fertility, ridicule, and magical inversion , all intended to neutralize harmful forces. The entire composition belongs to a widespread apotropaic tradition in the ancient Mediterranean, in which hostile images are deployed to counteract the destructive power of the evil eye . 2. Mainstream Interpretation of the Inscription The inscription above the scene is conventionally read in Greek as: ΚΑΙ ΣΥ ( ...

The name Priam (Πρίαμος) has an uncertain etymology that Ancient Greek alone does not fully explain. Most scholars derive it from the Luwian form Pa‑ri‑a‑mu‑a‑ (𒉺𒊑𒀀𒈬𒀀), interpreted as “exceptionally courageous” in an Anatolian context and attested in Kizzuwatna, with related Greek forms such as Paramoas near Kaisareia in Cappadocia. Some researchers have tentatively linked Priam with the warlord Piyama‑Radu mentioned in Hittite texts, though this identification remains disputed. A later Greek folk etymology connects the name with the verb príamai (“to buy”), reflected in the myth of Priam’s ransom by his sister Hesione; however, these accounts postdate the earliest attestations of the name and are generally regarded as secondary. Within the Homeric tradition, Priam’s role as king reinforces semantic associations with primacy, as the ruler occupies the foremost position in society. From a comparative and symbolic perspective, the name may be tentatively segmented as PRI + IAM...

Poetic-mythical-symbolic-linguistic prose with the language of Kastriot Melyshi The name Jesus does not stand still. It moves. It moves the way a center moves when it decides to appear. In Greek it is Iēsous , in Hebrew Yehōshūaʿ — “God saves,” they say. But salvation is only the surface word. Beneath it, something older stirs: the act of entering . In Albanian, God may be called hyu . Not ruler, not master— only being . A sound as small as a point, [o], the origin before extension. Nothing is commanded here; everything simply is . Yet the point cannot remain unseen. Being longs to descend. So it becomes bir — the Son, the one who falls ( bie ), not into error, but into the world. Descent is not loss; it is revelation. To fall is to enter. And to enter is to be brenda . But brenda is a dangerous word. It carries a split within it: the kernel and the division, the center and the breaking ( nda ). A God who enters risks fracture. A God who divides risks...

The Possible Albanian Origin of the Name “Hector”: A Linguistic Hypothesis Abstract This paper explores the hypothesis that the name of Hector, the Trojan prince, may derive from the Albanian verb TERHEK (“to drag”), reflecting a significant event described in the Homeric epics: the posthumous dragging of Hector’s corpse by Achilles. The analysis situates this discussion within linguistic, historical, and cultural contexts, suggesting that certain mythological names may have originated from actions or traits that left lasting impressions in oral memory. This hypothesis challenges conventional Greco-Roman etymologies and invites reconsideration of the influence of early Albanian linguistic traditions on Homeric texts. 1. Introduction In mythological narratives, personal names often emerge not as birth-given identifiers but as descriptors of deeds, traits, or social roles.¹ Hector, son of Priam and leader of the Trojans, occupies a central role in the Iliad . One of the most memora...

The Phonological Origin of * bhə The Albanian grapheme ë (schwa) functions as an independent vowel, signaling that the phoneme /ə/ is articulated separately rather than forming a diphthong or merging with an adjacent vowel. This can be observed in forms such as bej ‘to do’ in the Myzeqar dialect, bëj in standard Tosk, and bo/ba in Gheg. In contrast, the visually similar German diaeresis (Umlaut) performs a different function: it marks a systematic fronting or raising of the vowel (e.g., e → ä ), indicating its historical role as a phonologically active diacritic that modifies the quality of the base vowel. Within this context, I propose a hypothetical proto-form *bhə , belonging to an early developmental phase of the language when vowel articulation was limited and consonantal sonority carried a greater share of phonological weight. As the language evolved toward greater vocalization, this form may have passed through intermediate stages such as *bhə + o → bò , reflecting a grad...

The Ontology of Ò: When Seeing Becomes Being. What is the Gegnisht Ò —the ancient vowel later reshaped into À , now appearing simply as “is” in modern Albanian? At first glance, it seems no more than a grammatical fragment, a small functional particle in the machinery of speech. Yet such a view misses the essence, for the Ò is not merely a phonetic residue: it is a remnant of the primordial event in which language first approached the task of naming Being . It is a hinge on which the movement from hiddenness to presence turns. Through this diminutive syllable, countless Albanian nouns and adjectives have taken shape. Across the broader Indo-European horizon, its structure reappears in the marked forms of nouns and, ultimately, in the very architecture of the word exist . These correspondences are not accidental. They are signs of an older ontology inscribed into sound. The Origin of Ò: The First Act of Seeing Where does this enigmatic Ò arise from? Before a word was spoken, ...